APA EXAMPLES
Social justice can be defined as values that support “justice and fairness to individuals, a sense of collective societal responsibility for the welfare of individuals, and a sense of altruism that accepts personal responsibility for solving problems” (Mondros & Wilson, 1994, p. 15). Social workers generally regard social justice as requiring the equal distribution of resources, opportunities, civil rights, and benefits to all members of society (Reamer, 1998).
According to Alinksy (1971), the purpose of community organizing is to achieve social justice through the creation of:
Mass
organizations to seize power and give it to the people to realize the
democratic dream of equality, justice, co-operation, equal and full
opportunities for education, full and useful employment, health, and the
creation of those circumstances in which man can have the chance to live by
values that give meaning to life. (p. 3)
REFERENCES
Alinksy, S. (1971).
Rules for radicals.
Community Tool
Coombe, C. (1999). Using empowerment evaluation in community organizing and community-based
health initiatives. In M.
Minkler (Ed.), Community organization and community building for health (pp.
291-307).
Manning, S. (1997). The social worker as a moral citizen: Ethics in action. Social Work, 42, 223-231.
Mondros, J., & Wilson, S. (1994). Organizing
for power and empowerment.
Basic APA rules:
· Only in-text quotes belong in quotation marks.
· Block quotes should be used when the quotation is more than 40 words long.
· Use “and” when you cite two authors in the text rather than “&.” For example:
Gutierrez and Lewis (1999) stated that empowerment occurs at three levels.
However, if the citation is enclosed in parentheses, use the “&.” For example:
Empowerment occurs
at three levels (Gutierrez & Lewis, 1999)
· Don’t use numbers at the beginning of a sentence. Most numbers under 10 should be written in words. Exceptions are made when numbers are grouped for comparison (example 4 in 20 people) or that represent mathematical functions or statistics (see page 100 in APA manual for other exceptions). When these exceptions do not apply, express the numbers in words. For example,
Twenty
students agreed that course content was challenging.
· Use “et al.” in the text only when citing a group of three to five authors for the second time. If the publication has six or more authors, cite only the first author’s name followed by et al. Also, use the first author’s last name, followed by et al., the second time a group of three to five authors is cited. Never use et al. in a reference list.
The format for on-line journals is:
Schlenker, J., Caron, S., & Halteman,
W. (2001). A feminist analysis of seventeen magazine: Content analysis from
1945-1995. Sex Roles, 28, 135-150. Retrieved on
Be advised that some on-line sources (including the Academic Index used by the CSUF library) do not provide all page numbers. You sometimes can obtain the correct page numbers by using Acrobat software that you can obtain on-line from the ADOBE software website. However, I will not penalize you if you have not been able to obtain starting and ending page numbers for some articles. APA recognizes that all on-line manuscripts do not provide page numbers. Use the following format for quotations if no page number is available:
If paragraph numbers are provided in the document (highly unlikely), use:
(Gutierrez, 2000, ¶ 5).
You can find the symbol ¶ for paragraph by going to the “Insert” menu in WORD and selecting symbol, highlighting ¶, and clicking on Insert.
The alternative format provided by APA if no paragraph numbers are available is to give a reference to the specific section of the paper and then count the paragraphs in this section to pinpoint the paragraph used in the quotation:
(Lee, 2001; Literature Review, ¶ 6)
Use at least two levels of subheadings in your proposal, chapters, and final project. For example:
Chapter 3
Methodology
Research Questions