SPS 2010 Observational Astronomy - 1999 Fall

Course syllabus: please read carefully.

Instructor: Dr. Ringwald
Phone: 674-7135
Also: 674-8098 (secretary)

Office: S418 Crawford, 4th floor
Office hours: MWR 3-5, T 4-5, and by appointment, but please e-mail or phone first!


Teaching assistant: T. J. Ahrens Phone: 674-8798
Also: 674-8098 (secretary)

Office: S512 Crawford 5th floor
Office hours: F 11-1 and by appointment


Course Description (from the 1999-2000 University Catalog): (3 credits). The course combines lecture and observational labs to provide an introduction to the techniques of observational astronomy. Topics include celestial coordinate systems, time, apparent stellar motions, constellations, the use of star charts and catalogs, and visual, photoelectric, and CCD photometry. Prerequisites: SPS 1010, MTH 1001.

Course meeting times and location: There will be two separate sections for this class, to provide more individual attention, and lower the ratio of students/telescope. I would therefore appreciate about equal numbers of students to register for both sections (about 20 apiece).


Required course texts, available at the campus bookstore:


Highly recommended text, available at the campus bookstore:


Highly recommended text, unfortunately NOT available at the campus bookstore:


Observing notebooks: All students are required to have observing notebooks, available for about $1.50 apiece at the campus Bookstore. These should contain graph paper and pages that are not easily removed (not a looseleaf or spiral-bound notebook): I will show you on the first day of class precisely what I mean. All students are required to maintain logs of all observing sessions in these notebooks, separate from class notes, in a manner you find useful as a record of scientific progress. If no notebook is kept and handed in at the end of the course, the highest grade a student will receive will be a D. (Hang onto your notebook. If you go on to win a Nobel prize, it will become quite valuable!)

Note added 1999 September 3: any observing sessions on 1999 September 2 or 3 do not have to be recorded in the lab notebooks, but all other observing sessions do. If lab notebooks are unavailable in the campus bookstore for Week 2 labs, write them on loose paper (a desperation measure) and tape them into the notebooks; more should arrive either Thursday, Sep 8, or the next day.

Programmable calculators: All students are required to have some kind of portable computing device that can store and run programs the students will write in a way useful to an astronomer at the telescope.

I am requiring programmable calculators because you will be astronomers at the telescope this semester (barring an extreme streak of bad weather). I want you to program several basic utilities that astronomers use all the time while at the telescope---or just in the library, while reading a journal.

Programmable calculators, such as the TI-85 graphics calculators required in Calculus 1 class, or my own HP-28s, are fine. So would a laptop running Mathematica, although that much computing power would be unnecessary (although no doubt useful, perhaps in ways no one has imagined). I am not crazy about anything that needs to be plugged into a 115 v/60 Hz electric outlet (nor a 220v outlet). If you're not certain about your calculator, ask me.

Be sure to get and program these. Here is the assignment. The Final Exam will have problems that can be easily solved with a programmable calculator that has been properly programmed beforehand, but awfully difficult in the allowed time for any but the most exceptional pencil-and-paper mathematical prodigy. To make sure people are working on the calculator problems, there will also be two take-home mid-term exams (really heavily weighted problem sets) due October 21/22 and November 11/12.

Again, programming isn't a prerequisite for this class. I want you to learn it in this class. It shouldn't really be called programming, anyway: it's nothing more than thinking logically, and carefully following the instructions in your calculator's manual. If you don't want to do this, getting an A will be difficult.

The weather and this class: Ground-based optical astronomy is of course highly dependent on weather, so I have scheduled both Indoor Labs and Outdoor Labs. The weather in Florida can be unpredictable even an hour in advance, so it is important for the student to read and be ready to do both the indoor and the outdoor labs. The outdoor labs---real observing experience---always take priority, but if we have a great deal of bad weather, I will have to revise the following schedule. Therefore, check it every week between Tuesday and class time.


Course Schedule (updated December 8):

Week Date Moon Topic Readings in Norton's (pages) Indoor Lab Outdoor Lab
1 Sep 2/3 Dark (Last Quarter) Introduction, Literature, and Computing Resources - - Observing Lab, & Computing Resources homework assigned
2 Sep 9/10 Dark (New) Julian Dates, Stars, and Constellations 38-41, 60-61, 128-129 - Computing Resources homework due
3 Sep 16/17 Grey (First Quarter: 7/8 d) Cancelled for hurricane - - -
4 Sep 23/24 Bright (Full: 13/14 d) The Moon 85-95 The Moon's geologic history (#17), including the Moon Exercise (handout) -
5 Sep 30/Oct 1 Dark (Last Quarter) Spherical trigonometry 38-62 Celestial Sphere -
6 Oct 7/8 Dark (New) Coordinate systems 38-62 Star charts and catalogues (#9) -
7 Oct 14/15 Grey (Waxing Crescent: 5/6 d) Time, skycalc 38-62 Planetarium software (Voyager II, projects 1 and 2) -
8 Oct 21/22 Bright (Waxing Gibbous: 12/13 d) Solar and planetary observing 85-117 Thursday: Height of lunar mountains (#15). ALSO: Take-home Mid-Term Exam 1 due. ALSO: Visual Astronomy (Lab #1) assigned. Friday: The Moon (#2) and The Planets (#3). ALSO: Take-home Mid-Term Exam 1 due. ALSO: Visual Astronomy (Lab #1) assigned.
Week Date Moon Topic Readings in Norton's (pages) Indoor Lab Outdoor Lab
9 Oct 28/29 Dark/Grey (Waning Gibbous) Stars, including motions, binaries, and variables 128-138, 144-154 Friday: Proper motion of a star (#25) Thursday: The Planets (#3).
10 Nov 4/5 Dark (Waning Crescent) Astronomical imaging 74-80 Determining the Velocity of a Comet (#23) Astronomical Photography (#6).
11 Nov 11/12 Grey (Waxing Crescent: 3/4 d) Deep-sky observing 117-120; 126-127, 154-161 Height of a meteor (#20). ALSO: Take-home Mid-Term Exam 2 due The Moon (#2) (repeat) and Deep Sky Observing (#5) (observe 2-3 objects)
ALSO: Take-home Mid-Term Exam 2 due
12 Nov 18/19 Bright (Waxing Gibbous: 10/11 d) Age of the Universe (Thursday); Weather, Atmospheric Phenomena, and UFOs (Friday) 62-74 Image Size (#12) -
13 Nov 25/26 - NO CLASS: Thanksgiving break - - -
14 Dec 2/3 Dark (Waning Crescent) More on time; optics and nomenclature - Galactic Clusters and HR diagrams (#29). ALSO: Visual Astronomy (Lab #1) due. Deep Sky Observing (#5). ALSO: Visual Astronomy (Lab #1) due.
15 Dec 9/10 Dark (Waxing Crescent: 2/3 d) Review - Review; lab notebooks due upon completing final Review; lab notebooks due upon completing final
Week Date Moon Topic Readings in Norton's (pages) Indoor Lab Outdoor Lab

Course grades will be determined by the following:
Lab Book 5%
Lab Reports, including homework assignments (DUE ONE WEEK AFTER CLASS) 50%
Take-home Midterm Exam 1, mostly of programmable calculator problems, DUE: Thursday, October 21 for the section meeting on Thursdays, and Friday, October 22 for the section meeting on Fridays. 10%
Take-home Midterm Exam 2, with programmable calculator problems, DUE: Thursday, November 11 for the section meeting on Thursdays, and Friday, November 12 for the section meeting on Fridays. 10%
Final Exam: Thursday, December 16 (both Thursday and Friday sections), from 7:00 to 9:00 p.m., room S112 (Crawford) 25%

PLEASE NOTE: A late penalty of -20% per day will be deducted from assignments not turned in by 7 p.m. of the specified day and by 5 p.m. of the days following.

NEW MOON occurs on September 9, October 8, and November 7, so plan ahead to make best use of dark time!

IF YOU OWN YOUR OWN TELESCOPE: You're welcome to bring it to lab, provided you let your classmates observe with it, together with you.

SPECIAL EVENTS THIS SEMESTER: Because they don't happen during class time, these can only be optional exercises. Still, I hope you'll all be able to come, at one time or another!



Class computing resources:

For class exercises:

An article by me on web resources,
Web Power Tools, for Amateur Astronomy, from Professional Astronomy.
It's been accepted for publication in Astronomy magazine. The article describes many of the following resources:

The astro-ph Preprint Server

AstroWeb: Astronomy/Astrophysics on the Internet

The NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstract Service (ADS)

Heavens Above satellite tracking software, set for Melbourne, FL

Interactive access to SIMBAD

SkyView: The Internet's Virtual Telescope

XEphem planetarium program

Your Sky planetarium program

Also for class exercises, skycalc is a most useful astronomical almanac calculator by Prof. John Thorstensen, my former Ph.D. thesis advisor. Please don't e-mail Prof. Thorstensen: if you have questions or problems with this software, contact me.

Here is the program, skycalc. It was written in plain C so it can run on most anything.

Here are instructions for another way to get skycalc, from the National Optical
Astronomy Observatory's archive. Included is how to compile and link it, under UNIX.
For a quick guide to UNIX, see http://www.astro.fit.edu/ringwald/essent.txt.
Prof. Wood also has a nice UNIX primer.

Here's the documentation for skycalc, in PostScript format.

Another way to run skycalc is at the Harris lab.

Yet another way to run skycalc is with Tim Abbott's Web-based front end, although watch it:
there is no setting for anywhere in Florida.

Of great and general interest:

SETI at home: What a concept! Let them run their software on your computer, as a screen-saver. It searches radio data they take, to look for signals from Extraterrestrial Intelligence. You get a very small chance of sharing the Nobel prize. Their software runs on just about anything, too.

Hubble Space Telescope Image Archive

Florida Institute of Technology Astronomical Society (FITAS)



Highly recommended, on Reserve in Evans Library:

Week 1 (Literature and Computing Resources):

The Astronomical Almanac for 1999, U. S. Naval Observatory

Burnham's Celestial Handbook, Vols. 1-3, by Robert Burnham, Jr.

Celestron 8 Instruction Manual, by Celestron

Celestron Compustar Computer Controlled Telescope Instructional Manual, by Celestron

Webb Society Deep-Sky Observer's Handbook, Vols. 1-7, edited by Kenneth Glyn Jones

Week 4 (The Moon):

Lunar Sourcebook: A User's Guide to the Moon,
edited by Grant H. Heiken, David T. Vaniman, and Bevan M. French

The New Solar System, 4th ed., edited by J. Kelly Beatty, Carolyn Collins Peterson, and Andrew Chaikin

The Once and Future Moon, by Paul Spudis

Week 5 (Coordinates and spherical trig):

The Astronomical Almanac for 1999, U. S. Naval Observatory

Textbook on Spherical Astronomy, by W. M. Smart
(Still a classic, after many years)

Spherical Astronomy, by Robin M. Green
(A modern version, including pulsar timing and GR)

Astronomical Methods and Calculations, by A. Acker and C. Jaschek
(A book of problems and examples)

Week 10 (Astronomical Imaging):

Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the Physical Sciences, by P. R. Bevington
(Definitive book on statistics and error analysis all scientists should have)

Astronomical Observations, by Gordon Walker
(Former text for Astronomical Methods and Instrumentation)

Sadly omitted (Constellations, lore, and mythology):

Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning, by Richard Hinckley Allen
(The definitive work on Western star lore.)


Go to Dr. Ringwald's home page

Last updated 1999 December 19. Web page by Dr. Ringwald
Department of Physics and Space Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology