PSci 21 Elementary Astronomy

PSci 21 Elementary Astronomy - 2002 Fall

Course syllabus: please read carefully.

Instructor: Dr. Ringwald
E-mail: ringwald[at]csufresno.edu and replace [at] with @

Phone: 278-8426

Also: 278-2371

Office hours: MTWF 1-2, T 12-1
Office: McLane Hall, Room 11, in the new Building J (or "J-wing").
This is across the outdoor "hall" from McLane 149 and 151.

You don't need an appointment to come in during office hours. This is time set aside for you, when I will be in.

Please feel free to contact me, if you have any problems whatsoever in this course, or if you're doing well and just want to talk about the wonders and mysteries of the Universe. It's in my interest, and I care, that you do well!

Course Description

2002-2003 General Catalog):

Class objectives:
(1) To serve that most essential purpose of a good education: to deprovincialize you, by showing what lies beyond the horizon, in space and in time.
"The purpose of education is to free the student from the tyrrany of the present." - Cicero
(2) To encourage a sense of awe, wonder, and curiosity about the Universe, to foster an appreciation for the beauty of physical law. If you have no other adventures in your life, then this will be it!
(3) To promote student understanding of scientific method, emphasizing how we know what we know, and what we don't know.
(4) To practice critical thinking and reasoning skills, and to provide experience with quantitative reasoning and graphics, all useful both in and outside of science.
(5) To give students practice in crucial life skills, including making full use of opportunities, thinking for themselves while at the same time following directions, paying attention to detail, and many more.

Lecture meeting times and location: Schedule 37262 (Section 03): MWF 12-12:50 p.m., McLane 162.
Students must also register separately for labs: see below. Astronomy labs start on the third week of class, on September 9, 10, or 11.

Holidays: September 2 (Labor Day), November 27-29 (Thanksgiving)

Required Course Texts:
(1) In Quest of the Universe (3rd edition), by Karl F. Kuhn and Theo Koupelis (2001), which I'll refer to as Kuhn.
(2) The Science Class You Wish You Had, by David E. Brody and Arnold R. Brody, which I'll refer to as Brody.
(3) The Stars, A New Way to See Them, by H. A. Rey
(4) The blue PSci 21 Lab Manual, by S. White and F. A. Ringwald
(5) PSci 21 Class Notes, by F. A. Ringwald
(6) The Elements of Style, by W. Strunk Jr. and E. B. White
All should be available at the campus Bookstore, in the University Student Union building.

Required Course Equipment:
(1) a looseleaf binder, for your Class Notes;
(2) a clear plastic ruler;
(3) a flashlight (preferably with a red filter for night vision);
(4) a scientific calculator (that has scientific notation, and can calculate logarithmic and exponential functions);
(5) a star wheel (also called a planisphere), available at the campus Bookstore for about $3 as a paper "Edmund Scientific Star and Planet Locator." Better plastic star wheels are available at the Downing Planetarium store (open 7-9 p.m. Fridays, and 2-4 p.m. Saturdays), or from Sky Publishing.

Course web page: http://zimmer.csufresno.edu/~fringwal/psci21.html. Better bookmark this one!

The textbook's web page is at: http://www.jbpub.com/StarLinks/home.htm . It includes links, questions, updates, and animations.

Course grades will be awarded for the following final percentages:
85.0-100% = A; 70.0-84.9% = B; 55.0-69.9% = C; 40.0-54.9% = D; 0-39.9% = F.
These percentages will be computed with the following weights:

1% 5% 2% 2% 5%	Homework, including: [1] The Math exercise, due Friday, September 6. [2] The Number Line of the Cosmic Calendar, due Friday, September 20. [3] Constellation Study Sheet, due Friday, October 25. [4] The Moon Phases and Eclipses exercise, due Friday, November 1. [5] The Paper Titles and 100-to-250-word Summaries (see the Writing Guide), two copies of which are due Monday, November 25.
15%	Two Mid-term Exams (51 multiple choice questions in 45 minutes), the lower of which will be dropped, tentatively scheduled for Friday, September 27 and Friday, November 8.
15%	Laboratory, for which the student must register for a section, separately from this lecture section.
20%	Paper, over 2200 words long and with a reference list (see the Writing Guide), two copies of which are due Wednesday, December 11, the last day of instruction for this class.
35%	Final Exam (100 multiple choice questions in 115 minutes), which will be comprehensive (covering all material in the entire course), on December 18 from 1:15 p.m. to 3:15 p.m. in the regular classroom (McLane 162).

TENTATIVE Course Schedule (updated 2002 July 11). Always do the readings before class:

Week	M	W	F	Read by Monday of next week
1	8/26: Introduction & class syllabus	8/28: Powers of Ten, Scientific Notation, Metric System (Kuhn Prologue)	8/30: Units Conversions, The Light-Year, Look-Back Time (Kuhn Prologue)	Kuhn Prologue (pages 2-13); Class Notes pages 1-57; and this entire syllabus.
2	9/02: Holiday	9/04: Proportions; A Brief Tour of Space and Time and your "Ultimate Address" (Kuhn Prologue)	9/06: The Cosmic Calendar (Kuhn Prologue); Homework 1 due (The math exercise: see Class Notes pages iii-iv)	Kuhn 1; Rey, pages 9-35, 66-72, 108-121, & 127-135; Class Notes pages 58-89.
3	9/09: The Cosmic Calendar, part 2	9/11: Amateurs in astronomy; Classical astronomy and seasons (Kuhn 1, Rey); Video, "A Private Universe"	9/13: Classical astronomy (continued); Scientific Method (Kuhn P-1, 1-3, 1-4)	Kuhn 2 & 3; Brody Introduction and Chapters 1, 2, & 3; Class Notes pages 90-98.
4	9/16: Scientific Method (Brody Introduction; Kuhn P-1, 1-3, 1-4);	9/18: Motion, from Copernicus to Galileo (Kuhn 2; Brody 1 & 2)	9/20: Motion, from Galileo to Newton (Kuhn 3; Brody 3); Homework 2 due (Cosmic Calendar number line: see Class Notes pages v-vi)	Re-read the Class Notes pages 1-98; Lab I; Rey's book; Brody Chapters 1-3; Kuhn, Prologue and Chapters 1-3.
5	9/23: More on motion and physics (Kuhn 3)	9/25: Review	9/27: Mid-Term Exam 1, covering the Class Notes pages 1-98; Lab I; Rey's book; Brody Chapters 1-3; Kuhn, Prologue and Chapters 1-3.	Kuhn 4; Brody 4 & 5; Class Notes pages 99-105.
6	9/30: Atoms, Light, and Spectra (Kuhn 4; Brody 4 & 5)	10/02: The e/m spectrum (Kuhn 4)	10/04: Video, ``Infrared: More Than Meets the Eye''; Blackbody radiation (Kuhn 4); The Doppler effect (Kuhn 4-7)	Kuhn 5; Class Notes pages 106-114.
7	10/07: Telescopes (refractors vs. reflectors)(Kuhn 5)	10/09: Telescopes (aperture, resolution, & magnification)(Kuhn 5)	10/11: CCDs, eyes, and cameras (Kuhn 5)	Kuhn 7; the Orion catalogs, pages 6, 37 [right], 57 [right], & 75; Class Notes, 115-117.
8	10/14: Small telescopes (Kuhn 5 & the Orion catalog)	10/16: The Solar System (Kuhn 7)	10/18: The Solar System (continuted); Extra-solar planets (Kuhn 7-7)	Kuhn 6; Brody 15; Rey, pages 136-138; Class Notes pages 118-142.
9	10/21: Planet Earth (Kuhn 6-5 and Brody 15)	10/23: Moon phases & eclipses (Kuhn 6-2, 6-3, 6-4, and Rey, pages 136-138)	10/25: The Earth's Moon (Kuhn 6); Homework 3 due (The Constellation Study Sheet: see Class Notes, page vii)	Kuhn 8 & 9; Class Notes pages 143-153.
10	10/28: Mars (Kuhn 8)	10/30: Mercury, Venus, atmospheres (Kuhn 8)	11/01: The Outer Solar System (Kuhn 9); Homework 4 due (The Moon Phases and Eclipses exercise: see Class Notes, pages x-xiii)	Kuhn 10; Class Notes page 154; also re-read Kuhn Chapters 4 to 9, Brody Chapters 4-5, the Orion catalog (pages 6, 37 [right], 57 [right], and 75), and pages 99 to 153 of the Class Notes.
11	11/04: Small Bodies (Kuhn 10)	11/06: Review	11/08: Mid-term Exam 2, covering Kuhn Chapters 4 to 10, Brody Chapters 4-5, the Orion catalog (pages 6, 37 [right], 57 [right], and 75), and pages 99 to 154 of the Class Notes.	Kuhn 11 & 12; Brody 6; Class Notes pages 155-162.
12	11/11: The Sun (Kuhn 11)	11/13: The Sun and nuclear physics (Brody 6); Stars (Kuhn 12)	11/15: Stars (Kuhn 12)	Kuhn 13, 14, 3-10, 3-11, & 15; Class Notes pages 163-176.
13	11/18: Interstellar Matter and Star Formation (Kuhn 13)	11/20: White Dwarfs and Neutron Stars (Kuhn 14)	11/22: Black Holes and Relativity (Kuhn 3-10, 3-11, 15)	Brody 7 & 8; Class Notes pages 170-176.
14	11/25: Black Holes and Relativity (Brody 7 & 8); paper titles and summaries due (see the Writing Guide, on pages 8-11 of the Class Notes)	11/27: Holiday	11/29: Holiday	Kuhn 16, 17, & 18; Brody 9, 10, & 11; Class Notes pages 177-183.
15	12/02: The Milky Way (Kuhn 16); Galaxies and Hubble's Law (Kuhn 17)	12/04: Cosmology (Kuhn 18; Brody 9, 10, & 11)	12/06: Life in the Universe (Kuhn 19)	Kuhn 19; Brody Epilogue; Class Notes pages 184-191; start re-reading the Class Notes, Kuhn, Rey, & Brody.
16	12/09: Life in the Universe (Kuhn 19)	12/11: The Most Influential Scientific Findings of All Time (Brody Epilogue); Paper due (see the Writing Guide, on pages 8-11 of the Class Notes)	12/13: Optional review	Re-read the Class Notes (pages 1-191), Kuhn (Prologue and Chapters 1 to 19), Brody (Chapters 1 to 11 and 15), all assigned parts of Rey's book and the Orion catalog, and all labs, especially The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram (Lab IX).

Lab Section: All PSci 21 students must register for one of the following lab sections, separately from this lecture section:

Schedule # Day Time Place
37273 Monday 5:30-7:20 p.m. McLane 258
37284 Monday 5:30-7:20 p.m. McLane 264
37295 Monday 7:30-9:20 p.m. McLane 258
37306 Monday 7:30-9:20 p.m. McLane 264
37310 Tuesday 5:30-7:20 p.m. McLane 258
37321 Tuesday 5:30-7:20 p.m. McLane 264
37332 Tuesday 7:30-9:20 p.m. McLane 258
37343 Tuesday 7:30-9:20 p.m. McLane 264
37354 Wednesday 5:30-7:20 p.m. McLane 258

Schedule #	Day	Time	Place
37273	Monday	5:30-7:20 p.m.	McLane 258
37284	Monday	5:30-7:20 p.m.	McLane 264
37295	Monday	7:30-9:20 p.m.	McLane 258
37306	Monday	7:30-9:20 p.m.	McLane 264
37310	Tuesday	5:30-7:20 p.m.	McLane 258
37321	Tuesday	5:30-7:20 p.m.	McLane 264
37332	Tuesday	7:30-9:20 p.m.	McLane 258
37343	Tuesday	7:30-9:20 p.m.	McLane 264
37354	Wednesday	5:30-7:20 p.m.	McLane 258

Lab Safety: These astronomy lab sessions take place after dark. If safety becomes a concern, the Campus Police provide an escort program. Radio-equipped, uniformed, trained escort officers will accompany persons to their destinations on campus during hours of darkness. Call 278-2132, or pick up an emergency phone to request an escort officer. Be sure to check their badges, before going anywhere with them. The Campus Police also provide car battery assistance and other services. They can be reached in an emergency by calling 911.

Lab requirements: A flashlight is required for map reading at observing sessions. Flashlights with red filters are recommended, for night vision. A scientific calculator and a clear plastic ruler are required as well.

Field trips: Up to three times this semester, we will be observing the sky at a dark site a half-hour drive from campus called the CSUFresno San Joaquin Experimental Range. There are directions to the Range on the last page of the blue PSci 21 Lab Manuals, as well as the Class Notes for Dr. Ringwald's lecture section. For all Range labs during fall semester, we start at 7:00 p.m. Plan to stay for two hours. It is therefore essential for you to plan your schedule accordingly, at the beginning of the semester.

These dates are subject to change due to poor weather. After 4:00 p.m. on the days of the labs, before going out to the Range, check the weather report on Dr. Ringwald's voicemail (278-8426) or PSci 21 web page (http://zimmer.csufresno.edu/~fringwal/psci21.html) in case there have been any such last-minute changes.

We do not cancel labs for bad weather. If the weather is bad, we will meet in the lab classrooms (McLane 258 and 264) at the regular times (5:30 and 7:30 p.m.).

Lab Attendance: Attendance to all labs is mandatory. You must attend the labs in the lab section in which you are registered: exceptions will be made only by written consent in advance of the instructor of the lab section in which you are registered, and even then, only for compelling reasons (e.g. job interview or illness documented by a physician's note). If you must miss a lab for a compelling reason, the part of the lab grade that lab would have counted will be voided, and the rest of the lab grade will be counted as 100%. If you miss a lab without a compelling reason, or without written consent in advance from the instructor, or if you attend a lab other than the one in which you were registered without prior written consent of the instructor of the lab section in which you are registered, you will receive a zero for the lab. Any student with three or more unexcused absences from lab will receive an F in the entire PSci 21 course, which includes the lecture section. Astronomy labs start on the third week of classes, on September 9, 10, or 11.

TENTATIVE Lab Schedule (updated 2002 May 18). Always read the lab description (in the blue Lab Manual) before lab and be ready for a quiz.

Week Dates Moon Lab
1 8/26-28 LQ 31 No Lab
2 9/2-4 New 7 No Lab: Labor Day Holiday
3 9/9-11 FQ 13 Star Names, Maps, and Constellations (Lab I).
Meet in the lab classrooms (McLane 258 & 264). Bring flashlights!
4 9/16-18 Full 21 Introduction to Telescopes (Lab IV): Meet in the lab classrooms.
Use the Moon as a target, or the water tower from indoors, in poor weather.
5 9/23-25 LQ 29 The Mystery Constellations (Lab II): Meet in the lab classrooms.

6 9/30-10/1-2 LQ 29 Meet at the Range at 7:00 p.m.
In case of poor weather:
Meet in the regular classrooms, and do:
Spectroscopy (Lab V).
7 10/7-9 New 6 Spectroscopy (Lab V): Meet in the lab classrooms.
(or Range, if cancelled last week)
8 10/14-16 FQ 13 The Basics of Optics and Telescopes (Lab VI): Meet in the lab classrooms.
9 10/21-23 Full 21 Life in the Universe (Lab XI) and planetarium show, "Search for New Worlds": Meet in the lab classrooms.
10 10/28-30 LQ 29 Meet at the Range at 7:00 p.m.
In case of poor weather:
Meet in the regular classrooms, and do:
Micrometeorites (Lab VIII).
11 11/4-6 New 4 Micrometeorites (Lab VIII): Meet in the lab classrooms.
(or Range, if cancelled last week)
12 11/11-13 FQ 11 The Revolution of the Moons of Jupiter (Lab VII): Meet in the lab classrooms.

13 11/18-20 Full 20 The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram (Lab IX): Meet in the lab classrooms.

14 11/25-27 LQ 27 No Lab: Thanksgiving holiday
15 12/2-4 New 4 Meet at the Range at 7:00 p.m.
In case of poor weather:
Meet in the regular classrooms, and do:
Galaxy Classification (Lab X)
16 12/9-11 FQ 11 Lab Final Quiz and planetarium show: Meet in the lab classrooms.

Week	Dates	Moon	Lab
1	8/26-28	LQ 31	No Lab
2	9/2-4	New 7	No Lab: Labor Day Holiday
3	9/9-11	FQ 13	Star Names, Maps, and Constellations (Lab I). Meet in the lab classrooms (McLane 258 & 264). Bring flashlights!
4	9/16-18	Full 21	Introduction to Telescopes (Lab IV): Meet in the lab classrooms. Use the Moon as a target, or the water tower from indoors, in poor weather.
5	9/23-25	LQ 29	The Mystery Constellations (Lab II): Meet in the lab classrooms.
6	9/30-10/1-2	LQ 29	Meet at the Range at 7:00 p.m. In case of poor weather: Meet in the regular classrooms, and do: Spectroscopy (Lab V).
7	10/7-9	New 6	Spectroscopy (Lab V): Meet in the lab classrooms. (or Range, if cancelled last week)
8	10/14-16	FQ 13	The Basics of Optics and Telescopes (Lab VI): Meet in the lab classrooms.
9	10/21-23	Full 21	Life in the Universe (Lab XI) and planetarium show, "Search for New Worlds": Meet in the lab classrooms.
10	10/28-30	LQ 29	Meet at the Range at 7:00 p.m. In case of poor weather: Meet in the regular classrooms, and do: Micrometeorites (Lab VIII).
11	11/4-6	New 4	Micrometeorites (Lab VIII): Meet in the lab classrooms. (or Range, if cancelled last week)
12	11/11-13	FQ 11	The Revolution of the Moons of Jupiter (Lab VII): Meet in the lab classrooms.
13	11/18-20	Full 20	The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram (Lab IX): Meet in the lab classrooms.
14	11/25-27	LQ 27	No Lab: Thanksgiving holiday
15	12/2-4	New 4	Meet at the Range at 7:00 p.m. In case of poor weather: Meet in the regular classrooms, and do: Galaxy Classification (Lab X)
16	12/9-11	FQ 11	Lab Final Quiz and planetarium show: Meet in the lab classrooms.

Please note:

Class Attendance:
All students are required to attend all class sessions. All students are also expected to arrive for class on time, and to attend to the end of all class sessions. Doing otherwise is disruptive, in large classes like this. Please check your schedule and work out problems at the beginning of the semester. If you must miss a class for a compelling reason (e.g. job interview or illness documented by a physician's note), it is your responsibility to get the notes from another student. It is also your responsibility to check on announcements made while you were absent. To do this, check the notes taken by another student: I may or may not remember everything offhand.
Don't miss class. Listening to lectures and participating in discussions are much more effective than reading someone else's class notes. Active participation is even better: it will help you retain what you are learning.
Always do the reading assignments before class. Class time is valuable: it is much better spent in informed, active discussion among us all than in just me talking. It always amazes me: the students who get "A"s are almost always the ones who keep up with the reading. The ones who don't, almost always are the ones who don't.
If you want to do well in this course, it will require 2-3 hours of studying for every hour of class lectures. Attached to the class syllabus is a page on "How to Succeed in Your College Astronomy Course". Read it, it's definitely worthwhile.
Don't be shy about asking questions in class, or during office hours. Remember that the only "dumb" question is the one you didn't ask, that fouled you up later because you didn't ask it. This is especially so in this class: there are some mighty strange things out there in the Universe.
Note taking: Everything I write during class, on the chalkboard or on overhead transparencies, is of primary importance for exams. Copy it into your own notes. Students who get "A" grades often re-copy and re-organize their notes, after class. This makes learning active, and more thorough.
All students are required to turn off all beepers, pagers, and portable phones while classes are in session.
I often use e-mail to communicate with students, and please feel free to send e-mail to me. However, all assignments must be handed in as paper copies, including homework, lab assignments, paper titles and summaries, and papers.
NO late assignments can be accepted. Sorry, but it's just not possible, for classes this size. Assignments are due at the beginning of the class period specified by the due date, and will not be accepted at any time after the end of class at 12:50 p.m.
Always show all work on all class assignments, especially mathematical calculations, and always include the correct units. Doing otherwise will be grounds for points being taken off.
All students are required to keep all class materials for the duration of the class. Retain all copies of all work you have done in all your classes, ever. Hang on to your textbooks, too: even the real stinkers can serve as bad examples.
The Department of Physics cooperates with the Services for Students with Disabilities (SSD) to make reasonable accommodations for qualified students with physical, perceptual, or learning disabilities (cf. Americans with Disabilities Act and Section of 504, Rehabilitation Act). Students with disabilities must present their written accommodation request to Dr. Ringwald within the first two weeks of class.
Do not bring children under 16 to class, they are a distraction to whomever brings them, other students, and especially to Dr. Ringwald.
Exams: There will be two mid-term exams and a comprehensive final exam. The lower mid-term grade will be dropped. The material for these exams will come from the lectures and assigned reading, and identification of constellations and stars from maps. The mid-term exams will have 51 multiple choice questions and will last 45 minutes. The final exam will have 100 multiple choice questions and will last 115 minutes. All exams will be closed book and as such you may not use any notes or books during the exam. Calculators may be used for the exams.
Sorry, but I cannot give make-ups for mid-term exams, nor can I give mid-term or final exams in advance. These classes are far too large for it to be humanly possible for me (because I cannot be in two places at once). Even with smaller classes, I can never be sure that a makeup or advance exam was really fair, since it must be different from the regular exam. If you must miss a mid-term exam for a compelling reason (e.g., job interview or illness documented by a physician's note), the part of the course grade that mid-term exam would have counted will be voided, and the rest of the grade will be counted as 100%. If you must miss the final exam for a very compelling reason (e.g., illness documented by a physician's note), you will receive a grade of I (incomplete) for PSci 21 for the semester. It will then be your responsibility to contact the university administration in a timely fashion, and make the necessary arrangements to remove the I grade. See the California State University, Fresno General Catalog for regulations concerning the I grade.
If for any reason a student leaves the classroom while an exam is being given, the student may not re-enter the classroom as long as that exam is still taking place. The student's leaving the exam will be taken to signify that the student has finished that exam. This includes trips to the bathroom, so plan ahead.
All students are required to remove hats and sunglasses during all exams, because they have in the past been used to aid cheating. Students may not use calculators, pagers, cell phones, or any other devices that can communicate outside the classroom during exams. This constitutes cheating, and any students caught cheating, in this or any other way, will receive an F in the entire course.
I will allow students to collaborate with each other on homework and lab assignments, provided everyone lists their "co-investigators" on their papers. Scientists often do this, and the ability to collaborate well and work as part of a team is a good skill to have, in many professions.
However, if you do collaborate, it must be genuine collaboration: not one person doing all the work, and the others blindly copying. That's cheating! Therefore, while you may work together, write up the results separately, in your own words. A dead giveaway is when I get two papers that are exactly the same. Do people think I don't notice it?
Plagiarism: I like even less when students take papers from the Internet, and turn them in as their own work. This is now easy for professors to detect, with www.plagiarism.org. If I find a paper or web page anywhere that closely resembles yours, that web page had better have your name on it. If it doesn't, your turning it in with your name on it will be interpreted as an attempt to misrepresent someone else's work as your own, which constitutes plagiarism. Remember, always: you are responsible for anything with your name on it.
Modifying someone else's paper slightly, or changing the words around, or stringing someone else's paragraphs together, even if they're cited, is no better: none of these dubious practices make it your paper. For information on the University's policy regarding cheating and plagiarism, refer to the Schedule of Courses (Legal Notices on Cheating and Plagiarism) or the University Catalog (Policies and Regulations).
To prevent plagiarism, two copies of both the paper titles and summaries and the papers themselves are due, on the appropriate dates (due November 25 for the titles and summaries, and December 11 for the papers). I must have two copies, or the paper (or summary) won't be counted. I will keep one of the copies of these papers and summaries on file, for life. If I find a plagiarized paper, the student will receive an F for the entire course. I may also send the plagiarized paper to the Dean and other university authorities (e.g. coaches) and recommend the student be expelled from the University—or the degree be revoked, if I don't find it until 25 years from now. Do NOT plagiarize!
As with a university education in general, extra credit is a privilege, not an entitlement. Dr. Ringwald therefore reserves the right to abrogate any or all extra credit, without warning and for any reason, including disruptive classroom behavior, arriving late or leaving early during class or at extra credit activities, carrying out the extra credit assignments incorrectly or getting incorrect answers, turning in a class paper at the beginning of class and then walking out, attempting to use the third-dead-grandmother-of-the-semester excuse, etc. Extra credit points will be worth half of what percentage points on Mid-term Exams will be worth.
This syllabus and schedule are subject to change in the event of extenuating circumstances, such as poor weather. If you are absent from class, it is your responsibility to check on announcements made while you were absent. Your being registered in, and not dropping, this PSci 21 lecture section for which Dr. Ringwald is the instructor means that you accept all the above terms on this syllabus, and on the accompanying Writing Guide for Research Papers.

Click here for the Writing Guide for Research Papers

Go to Dr. Ringwald's PSci 21 (Elementary Astronomy) home page,

for News, including whether we'll be observing at the Range.

Go to Dr. Ringwald's home page

Last updated 2002 December 29. Web page by Dr. Ringwald (ringwald[at]csufresno.edu and replace [at] with @)
Department of Physics, California State University, Fresno