LAW ENFORCEMENT
 

Entails following Activities-

• Crime Fighting/Prevention
• Maintaining Order
• Providing information
• Providing emergency services

Which category above represents the BULK of police activity?
   

POLICE- most visible representative of government
 

Largest CJ expenditure is for police
   

Do not overlook:
Private Security-rapid growth, rivals public police
   

ENGLISH ORIGINS OF POLICING IN US

(Note: Formal policing existed on the European mainland
before it began in England)
 

Common precursors:

• Night watch-13^th century
• Thief takers-17-18^th century
• 1829-London Metropolitan Police-Robert Peel

PHILOSOPHY-Effectiveness of police measured by
"absence of crime and disorder"
Constables should not be paid so much that they could
afford to live elsewhere (outside of city they work in)

LAW ENFORCEMENT IN US:

In colonies:

Sheriff
appointed by governor-taxes,elections, maintaining
bridges/road, law enforcement

Reactive in nature-no salary, paid through fees

Constable day time LE

Watch night time patrol

1801-Boston mandated by law to have permanent
night watch

 Detroit-first full time officer

 FRONTIER-
Elected county sheriffs & appointed town marshals

Vigilantism-due to absence of effective law enforcement
 

20^TH CENTURY-

Beginning-political influence rampant.
Selection based on political connections.

Little formal training

Lack of communicatio n

Supervision weak-could avoid patrolling

Some of the above problems still exist today in some
jurisdictions
   

REFORM MOVEMENTS:

Political control and its problems
-creation of police administrative boards. -lacked expertise
 

IACP-recommended civil service force, end to political
interference, centralized organizational structure
 

BOSTON POLICE STRIKE-end of police unions

until 1960's

COMMISSIONS, ETC

• Wickersham Commission-get politics out of
  police etc
• Kefauver Committee-assessed graft, corruption,
  bribery
• Presidential Commission on Law Enforcement and
  Administration of Justice
• National Commission on Crime Prevention and Control

Some hearings were televised and exposed corrupt top
administrators

1960-1980: turmoil, crisis

USSC held individual rights over law and order

Hippie movements, war in SEA, civil rights movement,
rising crime rates

1961-1972

GREATER SCRUTINY OF POLICE ACTIVITY BY USSC

1967 Presidential Commission

LEAA
(1960 20% of police with any college education)

(1988 65%+) Problem with interpretation

Funding of research, equipment, education/trng
   

TODAY:

Federal Agencies-no national police

18,000+ state/local police agencies
(49 State Police/Highway Patrols)

80% municipal/townships,etc

20% County agencies

FRAGMENTATION-
most agencies have fewer than 18 officers

Most Officers employed by large agencies

PUBLIC SAFETY OFFICER-combination of duties
Few municipal departments of public safety; Some airport police officers
have multiple duties (fire, EMS, police)
 

SHERIFF'S (NOT ALWAYS RURAL LAW ENFORCEMENT)

• Full Service Model
• Law Enforcement Model
• Civil-Judicial Model
• Correctional-judicial Model

  Styles of policing:

(three historical eras according to J.Q.Wilson)

• Watchman Style
• Legalistic Style
• Service Style
   

Police agencies: semi-military bureaucracies
 
 
  Types of law enforcement agencies in the United States: